Eight Disciplines 8D

How to use the 8D approach

Implementing 8D involves a series of disciplined steps that build on each other to ensure a problem’s thorough resolution. Following these steps in sequence is essential because the process is designed to progress from definition and team formation through implementation and project closure. 8D’s value lies in its structured approach, organizing the problem-solving process and effectively using tools such as five whys and fishbone diagrams within this framework.

The steps are:

• D0: Plan - Plan for solving the problem and determine the prerequisites.
• D1: Establish a team - Select a team with product/process knowledge.
• D2: Define and describe the problem - Define and describe the problem—Specify the problem by identifying in quantifiable terms the who, what, where, when, why, how, and how many (5W2H) of the problem.
• D3: Develop and execute an interim containment plan - Define and implement containment actions to isolate the problem.
• D4: Determine, identify, and verify root causes - Identify all applicable causes that could explain why the problem occurred. Also identify why the problem went unnoticed when it occurred. All causes should be verified or proved, not determined by fuzzy brainstorming. Five whys and cause and effect diagrams can be used to map causes against the identified effect or problem.
• D5: Choose and verify permanent corrections - Identify the corrective action and, through preproduction programs, quantitatively confirm the selected correction will resolve the problem.
• D6: Implement and validate corrective actions - Implement the selected corrective action and verify its effectiveness.
• D7: Take preventive measures - Modify the management systems, operation systems, practices, and procedures to prevent recurrence of this as well as all similar problems.
• D8: Congratulate your team - Recognize the team’s collective efforts. The team must be thanked formally by the organization. 

Download this 8D report template to use during your next problem-solving project.

Benefits and Applications

8D provides a structured approach to problem solving, ensuring all necessary steps are followed methodically. This structure aids in organizing and managing the problem-solving process effectively, and serves as a communication tool, offering a consistent framework for understanding proposed actions and their relation to the root cause.

Focusing on root causes rather than symptoms ensures effective and sustainable corrective actions, reducing defects and enhancing customer satisfaction. The method also fosters teamwork and collaboration, leveraging diverse expertise to address problems comprehensively, thus reinforcing best practices in quality culture.

8D is particularly suitable for situations in which a problem’s root cause is not apparent immediately, or when the problem affects multiple departments or functions. The method commonly is applied in scenarios involving customer complaints, product recalls, and significant deviations from quality standards.